An experiment was conducted as a split - split plot in form of a rANDomized block design with four replications in Cilakhor region of Iran in 2004. The main factor was the seed PLANTing date with three levels (5, 12 AND 25 April), sub factor was the crop DENSITY with two levels (160,000 AND 250,000 pI/ha) AND sub-sub factor was the crop ARRANGEMENT with two levels (equidistant AND non-equidistant). Delaying the PLANTing date caused the increase of biological yield AND decrease of harvest index. Increasing the crop DENSITY caused the increase of the number of fertile heads per square meter, biological yield, grain yield, AND decrease of the number of fertile tillers, the number of grains per head, dry weight of above-ground organs per hill, yield of each hill (P<0.05) AND the PLANT height, the number of grains per head was decreased.

Background AND Objectives: Although sesame has traditionally been grown in southern Iran's warm AND arid regions, its desirable agronomic traits AND economic profitability have led to increased interest in cultivating this crop in the northern regions. However, sesame often exhibits low performance due to poor agronomic management, environmental stress, AND limited use of improved varieties. Therefore, the use of improved sesame varieties, mainly those resistant to shattering, along with proper agronomic management, maybe the key to successful cultivation in various parts of the country. The seed of a non-dehiscent sesame genotype (S29) was imported into the country in 2016. Several years of studies related to this genotype confirm that it is resistant to seed shattering. In this regard, the present study was designed AND conducted to investigate the effects of PLANTing ARRANGEMENT AND PLANT DENSITY on the performance of a non-dehiscent sesame genotype.Materials AND Methods: The experiment was conducted in research fields located in MazANDaran (Sari) AND Ardabil (Moghan) in 2020 AND 2021. The effects of three PLANTing row distances (30 cm, 45 cm, AND 60 cm) AND four PLANT spacing on the rows (5 cm, 8 cm, 11 cm, AND 14 cm), with a minimum DENSITY of 12 PLANTs per square meter to a maximum DENSITY of 67 PLANTs per square meter, were evaluated in terms of PLANT height, number of branches, yield components, seed yield AND oil percentage of the shattering-resistant sesame genotype. The experiment was set up in a rANDomized complete block design with split-plot ARRANGEMENTs AND three replications in each location.Results: The results showed that the highest PLANT height in both regions was achieved with a row distance of 45 cm AND a PLANT spacing of 8 cm. Additionally, increasing PLANT DENSITY up to 45 PLANTs per square meter resulted in increased PLANT height, but further increase in DENSITY decreased PLANT height. Decreasing the distance between PLANTing rows AND PLANT spacing, equivalent to increasing PLANTing DENSITY, reduced the number of branches, capsules per PLANT, AND seeds per capsule in both regions. The maximum seed yield in the Moghan region (1465 kg/ha) was obtained from the 45×8 cm ARRANGEMENT. However, there was no significant difference compared to the yield obtained from the 45×5 cm PLANTing ARRANGEMENT. In contrast, the highest seed yield in the Sari region (824 kg/ha) was achieved with the PLANTing ARRANGEMENT of 30×14 cm. Based on regression analysis of seed yield, the optimum DENSITY was estimated to be 23 PLANTs per square meter for the Moghan region AND 31 PLANTs per square meter for the Sari region.Conclusion: The results indicated that the imported non-shattering sesame genotype did not exhibit desirable potential for cultivation in the Sari region due to its lower average yield than the regional average. However, in the Moghan region, this genotype showed a comparable average yield AND even higher maximum yield (250 kg/ha) than the regional average, with the highest yield obtained from the 45×8 cm PLANTing ARRANGEMENT. Therefore, due to its suitable seed yield performance AND the potential for mechanized harvesting, this genotype holds promise for cultivation in the Moghan region.

Background AND Objective: The present study was performed to determine the effect of PLANTing ARRANGEMENT AND PLANT DENSITY in transPLANTing method on forage corn yield AND yield components AND water consumption indicators for delayed cultivation in Hamadan province. Materials AND Methods: This study was carried out as split-plot factorial based on rANDomized complete block design at the Ekbatan station of Agriculture AND Natural Resources Research AND Education Center of Hamedan. The PLANTing ARRANGEMENT in three levels including a one-row with spacing of 70 cm, two-row with spacing of 70 cm AND two-row with spacing of 140 cm as the main factor AND PLANT DENSITY in three levels including 85000, 110000 AND 135000 PLANTs per hectar, along with the PLANTing method in two levels, including direct seed cultivation AND transPLANTing were considered as secondary factors. Results: The highest yield of fresh forage with 75661 AND 72359 kg. ha-1 belonged to the PLANTing arrangments of two-row with spacing of 70 AND 140 cm, respectively. However, the highest values of protein yield (2694. 78 kg. ha-1 ), ear to fresh forage weight ratio (33. 53 %), as well as water use efficiency AND economic water productivity (22. 33 kg. m-3 AND 10048. 9 toman. m-3 of water) were belonged to the PLANTing ARRANGEMENT of tworow with spacing of 140 cm. Among the different PLANT densities, the DENSITY of 110000 PLANTs per hectar, despite the relatively lower values of fresh AND dry forage compared to the DENSITY of 135000 PLANTs, in terms of the ear to fresh forage weight ratio AND protein content (32. 80 AND 12. 54 %, respectively) AND protein yield (2789. 86 kg. ha-1 ) was superior to the DENSITY of 135000 PLANTs which indicated its high nutritional value for livestock. Appropriate values of height AND diameter of stem (273. 13 AND 2. 65 cm, respectively) in the DENSITY of 110000 PLANTs can maintain PLANT resistance against lodging. The transPLANTing showed higher quantities of fresh AND dry forage AND protein yield (72160, 22066 AND 2585 kg. ha-1, respectively) compared to direct seeding, also, it improved the amount of water use efficiency (WUE) AND economic water productivity by 19. 3 AND 19. 2 %, respectively. Conclusion: In the conditions of delayed cultivation of forage corn, transPLANTing under the DENSITY of 110000 PLANTs per hectar in the PLANTing ARRANGEMENT of two-row with spacing of 140 cm, in addition to maintaining the resistance of PLANTs against lodging, caused harvesting forage with high yield AND optimal nutritional value before the autumn cold AND significantly increased the water use efficiency.

To study the effect of PLANT DENSITY AND PLANTing ARRANGEMENT on yield AND bulb size of two onion cultivars, a filed experiment was carried out as split factorial ARRANGEMENT in rANDomized complete block design with three replications in the research field of Seed AND PLANT Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, in 2018-2019. Two onion cultivars, Morvarid AND Zargan, were assigned to main plots, AND inter row spacing of 10, 15, 20 cm AND intra row spacing of 5, 7. 5, 10, 12. 5 cm as factorial were rANDomized in sub plots. Cv. Morvarid AND cv. Zargan had the highest marketable yield in 15 × 7. 5 AND 15 × 10 cm PLANTing ARRANGEMENTs (88. 8 AND 66. 7 PLANT m-2, respectively) with 73. 7 AND 67. 6 t ha-1, respectively. In cv. Morvarid AND cv. Zargan, with decreasing the PLANT DENSITY, the proportion of small bulbs decreased from 38. 31 to 6. 57% AND from 64. 12 to 7. 77%, respectively. In cv. Morvarid, with decreasing the PLANT DENSITY, large bulbs, doubles AND thick neck bulbs increased from 3. 19 to 19. 85% AND from 7. 92 to 29. 41%, respectively. In cv. Zargan, with decreasing the PLANT DENSITY to 66. 7 PLANT m-2 (15 × 10 cm), the proportion of medium size bulbs increased from 35. 87 to 80. 15%. During the storage period, cv. Morvarid had lower percentage of bulb sprouting AND decay than cv. Zargan in all PLANTing ARRANGEMENTs. The results of this research showed that in cv. Morvarid AND cv. Zargan, PLANTing ARRANGEMENTs of 15 × 7. 5 cm AND 15 × 10 cm, respectively, could be recommended to onion producers, because less seedlings are required for transPLANTation when compared with higher PLANT densities.

To determine the optimum sowing AND sowing pattern of sunflower (Azargol cultivar), an experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station of Uremia, Iran during 2005-2006. A split-plot design based on rANDomized complete blocks with four replications was used. The main factor involved three row distances (45, 60 AND 75 cm) AND the subplot factor involved four PLANT distances on the row (15, 20, 25 AND 30 cm). The results indicated that the space between the rows had significant effect on grain yield, head diameter, weight of 1000 seeds, number of seeds per head, percentage of hollow grains AND number of rings per head. Furthermore, seeds per head, 1000 seed weight, head diameter, percentage of hollow grains AND rings per head were significantly affected by the within-row distances. There was also a significant interaction of row space×PLANT distance on row for grain yield. Based on these results, regarding grain yield, sowing pattern of 75×25 was recommended for sunflower cultivation in Uremia AND similar regions.

In order to study the effect of PLANTing ARRANGEMENT AND PLANT DENSITY on yield AND growth indices of grain corn (three way cross 647 hybrid) under redroot pigweed competition a field experiment was carried out at Kabotar-Abad experimental station, agricultural research center of Esfahan in 2003. Treatments were arranged in a factorial split experiment based on RCBD with three replications. Factorial ARRANGEMENT of corn densities (74000 AND 111000 PLANT ha-1) AND PLANTing patterns (single row, rectangular twin row AND zigzag twin row) formed the main plots. Sub-plots were referred to pigweed densities (0, 4, 8 AND 12 PLANT per m of row). Results showed that leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter accumulation (TDM), crop growth rate (CGR), AND grain yield of corn decreased by presence of red root pigweed. All variables in higher corn DENSITY were more than low corn DENSITY AND reduction of LAI, TDM, CGR AND grain yield of corn under pigweed competition decreased with increasing corn DENSITY. Among different corn ARRANGEMENTs, twin row PLANTing AND especially zigzag twin row increased all corn traits, in such a manner that twin row PLANTing ARRANGEMENT decreased the pigweed competition effect on these traits.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in rANDomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were PLANTing date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st AND April 6th) AND the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 AND Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of PLANTing date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca PLANTed on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield AND yield components decreased with the delaying the PLANTing date. Compared to early PLANTings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with PLANT yield (0.877) AND then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) AND number of branches per PLANT (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

Since there is no information available regarding crop management, including proper PLANTing ARRANGEMENT AND optimal PLANTing DENSITY, of the imported shattering tolerant sesame genotypes, field experiments were carried out in research fields of Seed AND PLANT Improvement Institute, Karaj, AND Khorasan Razavi Agricultural AND Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad, Iran, in 2019 AND 2020. The effect of experimental factors including,30, 45 AND 60 cm inter row spacing, AND 5, 8, 11 AND 14 cm intra row spacing were evaluated as split blocks (strips) ARRANGEMENTs in rANDomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that there was reduction in number of sub-branches in both locations due to reduction in inter row spacing AND intra row spacing. On the other hAND, the reduction in PLANT DENSITY m-2 increased the number of capsules PLANT-1 AND seed number capsule-1. The highest seed yield (1342 AND 604 kg ha-1 in Karaj AND Mashhad, respectively) obtained from the 45 × 8 AND 45 × 11 PLANTing ARRANGEMENT in Karaj AND Mashhad, respectively. Generally, the results indicated that there is an optimal PLANTing ARRANGEMENT AND PLANTing DENSITY for each location. Therefore, due to increased competition between PLANTs in high PLANT DENSITY AND lack of proper utilization of resources in low PLANT DENSITY, it would not be possible to attain the highest yield potential of shattering tolerant sesame genotype in high AND low PLANT DENSITY.

To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria PLANT growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural AND Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a rANDomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) AND T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) AND grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment AND T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) AND specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria PLANT growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth AND growth indices of the PLANT. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria PLANT growth promoting resulted in the highest growth AND final grain yield of corn.